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Related post: explaining the propensity for aplasia in this patient group.
The Mucosal Immunity Section
The Mucosal Immunity Section continues its studies of the mechanism of
mucosal immunity and the role of the immunologic apparatus in causing Crohn's
disease and other related illnesses. Immunoregulatory defects Phoslo 1334 in patients with
Crohn's disease have been further characterized. These patients have excessive
suppression of immune responses by their cells when studied in vitro . It was
possible to show that Phoslo 2001 Mg this excessive suppressor effect of peripheral blood
lymphocytes in Crohn's disease is due to the acitivity of a newly defined
population of cells having a specific phenotype which can be recognized by
monoclonal antibodies. This should facilitate the further definition of the
cause of this disease. It is interesting that cells isolated from the lamina
propria of patients with this disease have a small percentage of these cells with
excessive suppressor activity. Further studies of cells isolated from patients
with this disease are ongoing. The conditions which govern the secretion of
immunoglobulin by cells within the gut have also been Buy Phoslo studied. It is well known
that these cells secrete immunoglobulin A, an important component of the host
defense mechanism. Earlier studies had suggested that this secretion was
dependent on a cell -controlled switch mechanism which turned on cells to secrete
this immunoglobulin. The details of the switch mechanism and factors which lead
to not only IgA membrane production but also IgA synthesis and secretion have
been defined during the year. The disease Primary Biliary Cirrhosis has also
been examined in some detail. An immunoregulatory defect has been defined in
this important inflammatory disease of the liver. It has been shown that
patients with this disorder have a defect in function of their natural killer
cells which are responsible for recognizing and killing certain abnormal cells in
experimental studies and are thought to be important in tumor cell surveillance
in vivo . Definition of this defect during the past year has lead to the
suggestion that, in fact, the numbers of cells are normal but their function is
not. This defect is being Phoslo Cost further characterized. As part of these studies,
considerable attention has been paid to a phenomena called the autologous mixed
lymphocyte reaction. In this reaction, cultured B-cells and T-cells obtained
from the same patient are capable of responding to each other with T-cell
proliferation. This phenomena does not occur normally in Primary Biliary
Cirrhosis. The studies suggest that, in fact, Phoslo Mg the autologous MLR does not lead
to the generation of cells capable of self killing in normal individuals and
suggest that it is part of a complex immunoregulatory mechanism. As part of
these studies, long term autoreactive cell lines which contain cells capable of
killing autologous target cells have been developed. The inability to
demonstrate such cells in the past is probably due to the fact that the relevant
reacting cell was present at too low a concentration in the cultured cell line
for measurement. The ability to form such cell lines with this type of
reactivity in vitro will allow for simplified study of this phenomenon.
The Allergy Program
The Allergy Program has had another excellent year. Specific projects are
detailed in the relevant section of the detailed reports. Studies have examined
18-9
in vitro phenomena, such as mechanisms of histamine release and the mechanisms of
rnilcus secretion by cells in culture. They have also explored animal models of jjn
vivo hypersensitivity. In addition, a considerable number of studies have
examined patients with various kinds of allergic disease.
Dr. Kaliner's group has spent considerable time analyzing, in detail, the
late phase reaction following allergenic challenge. This is a reaction which
occurrs some hours after the immediate hypersensitivity reaction due to edema
formation secondary to mediator release. Late phase reactions were shown to
require the participation of neutrophils for full expression and could be
prevented by treatment with HI and H2 antihistamine combinations. This lead to a
characterization and Phoslo Gelcap quantitation of the number of histamine receptors on various
cell populations including neutrophils, lymphocytes and purified lung membranes.
This in turn led to the need for developing histamine assays of greater
sensitivity and specificity. It was shown that Phoslo Gel histamine levels were constantly
elevated in a group of patients being followed with Systemic Mastocytosis.
Moreover, an Phoslo Calcium Acetate assay for nasal blood flow was developed using modern laser
technology. It was shown that Allergic Rhinitis patients Phoslo 667 have the Phoslo Gelcaps Phoslo Gel Caps same rate of
blood flow as do normals. This blood flow through the nose was reduced by alpha
adrenergic but not affected by cholinergic stimulation. This kind of technology,
looking at local blood flow, will allow very interesting analysis of the effect
of various mediators on flow and capillary permiability. In studies of mucus
secretion, in vivo techniques have been employed to determine the parameters
which affect goblet cell formation of mucus. Mucus formation with bronchial
plugging is one of the prime causes of the pathology of asthma and there are few
careful studies to show what determines the synthesis and degradation of mucus.
In this section, models for measurement of mucus production by cultured human
bronchial and nasal mucosa were developed and the role of various mediators is
being examined in a systematic, quantitative fashion. Early studies showed that
macrophages produce a low molecular weight substance after phagocytosis which
causes marked mucus secretion. The substance has been termed macrophage mucus
secretagogue. This low molecular weight substance may be important in promoting
mucus secretion at the area of inflammation. In studies by the group, the
various substances which control mucus secretion are being systematically
explored. Prostaglandins have been shown to influence the secretion of mucus and
more recently, the leucotriene series of compounds has been shown to have marked
mucus secretion stimulating ability.
Dr. Metcalfe has Phoslo 1334 Mg continued his studies of mast cell degranulation and the
ingestion of the mast cell granules by connective tissue fibroblasts Calcium Acetate Phoslo with their
subsequent degradation. The kinetics and details of this degradation process
have been examined. Phoslo 67 Mg It has been shown that mast cell products can alter
fibroblasts responses such as enzyme secretion and proteoglycan synthesis. In
vitro studies also demonstrated that mast cell granules by virtue of their
heparin content can inhibit lymphocyte function. The role of the proteoglycan in
mast cell function is being explored in detailed studies with the hope of
defining the role of this remarkably interesting series of compounds in allergic
and immunologic responses.
Dr. Metcalfe's group has Phoslo 667 Mg become one of the leading groups in the world in
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